Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Positive impact of indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit on high-fat diet–induced neuronal damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-02039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Indicaxanthin ameliorates brain inflammation induced by HFD. (A) Transcription levels of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 determined by real-time PCR in the brain. (B) Brain expression of COX-2 and iNOS. (C) Densitometric analysis of COX-2 and iNOS protein levels normalized to β-actin levels. (D) Brain expression of cytosolic p65 and nuclear p65. (E) Densitometric analysis of cytosolic p65 protein levels normalized to β-actin levels and nuclear p65 levels normalized to laminin B levels. (F) Representative images of GFAP-positive cells (red) on the surface. Hoechst staining was used to label the nuclei (blue) (microscope magnification 10×); scale bars: 100 μm. (G) Percentage of GFAP-positive cells. (H, I) Plasma circulating levels of TNF-α (H) and IL-1β (I). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM ( n = 8/group). *** P < 0.001, vs . STD mice; ### P < 0.001, vs. HFD-fed mice. COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HFD: high-fat diet; IL-6: interleukin-6; Ind: indicaxanthin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; STD: standard diet; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.

Article Snippet: Next, the sections were incubated with a mouse primary antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (1:300, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 3670, RRID: AB_10693476) at 4°C overnight and then with an anti-mouse IgG-Alexa Fluor 594 secondary antibody (goat, 1:300, Invitrogen, Cat# A-11005, RRID: AB_2534073) for 2 hours at room temperature.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Staining, Microscopy, Clinical Proteomics, Polymerase Chain Reaction